Assessment as information gathering
Analyzing tests : the case of dictation
Conflicting purposes of assessment
The role of background knowledge in the assessment of receptive skills
Another dilemma : contrasting pairs of concepts
Some useful statistical tools
Multiple-choice tests and item analyses
Measuring meaning : dictocomps and strip stories
Eliciting speech samples in role plays
Three approaches to scoring writing samples
"Alternative" assessments : performance tests and portfolios
Self-assessment in language learning.
