The enduring legacy: structured inequality in America's public schools

A struggle between forces

An ambiguous philosophical root

Growing democratic values

The evolution from common school to public school

American exceptionalism

What is the profession of a woman?

A plan for inclusion

The Committee of Ten and The cardinal principles

A particular solution for a specific problem

Social Darwinism as justification

White superiority via pseudo empiricism

Assimilation via Americanism in the classroom

Personification of duality : Cubberley's life and legacy

Cubberley's hierarchy

Structured inequality via perceived ability grouping

Tracking and segregation endure

The cycle of segregation, desegregation, and resegregation

Structured inequality : from political strategy to pedagogical practice

Courts and the persistence of structured inequality

The court and "race neutral" diversity

The Southern strategy

LBJ : integrate and get funding or stay segregated and get nothing

Political ambiguity on integration

Nixon's rise bolstered by the Southern strategy

Nixon's ambiguity on integration and the courts

Ford continues Nixonian states' rights policies

Jimmy Carter, a son of the South, disrupts the Southern strategy

Reagan nullifies LBJ'S integration legacy via the Southern strategy

Reagan reverses policies against race discrimination

Reagan : busing to desegregate : waste of time and public money

George Herbert Walker Bush and an evolving Southern strategy

Southern ticket of Clinton and Gore wins as resegregation persists

Bill Clinton's recognition of resegregation in the 1990s

George W. Bush follows Reagan's policies as racial isolation builds

Obama defeats Southern strategy even as school resegregation increases

Trump triumphant and the spread of the Southern strategy

From LBJ to Trump : segregation to desegregation to resegregation

Desegregation of public schools in the twenty-first century

The pedagogic case for racial integration

The cognitive benefits of a diverse learning environment

Affective benefits of a diverse learning environment

Paradox of segregation and the negligence of scholars

Solution sets to desegregation in the 2020s

Vital role of schools and colleges of education

Gender as a marker of difference

Culturally relevant teaching and learning

Dual paradigm of onsite and online

Hybrid model plus service learning

Final thoughts.