Preface and acknowledgements
Introduction: a theoretical framework
Sources of the European heritage
The European inter-civilizational constellation
The Greco-Roman and Judaic legacies
Christianity in the making of Europe
Between East and West : the Byzantine legacy and Russia
The Islamic world and Islam in Europe
The emergence of modernity
The Renaissance and the rise of the West revisited
Unity and divisions in early modern European history : the emergence of a westernized Europe
The enlightenment and European modernity : the rise of the idea of Europe
The rise of the nation-state and the allure of empire : between nationalism and cosmopolitanism
The historical regions of Europe : civilizational backgrounds and multiple routes to modernity
Europe in the short twentieth century : conflicting projects of modernity
The present and its discontents
Europe since 1989 : nationalism, cosmopolitanism and globalization
Age of austerity : contradictions of capitalism and democracy
The European heritage as a conflict of interpretations
Conclusion: Europe : a defence
